The International Network
for Sustainable Energy

Updated: October 2010

What is New:

EU Public Consultation - Indirect Land Use Change and Biofuels
October 31, 2010. Due to the fact that indirect land use change is a subject of complexity, the EU Commission launched a public consultation by October 31, 2010.

Read the consultation (pdf 23 kB)
Read the INFORSE-Europe’s Opinion on Indirect Land Use Change Impacts of Biofuels (pdf 36 kB)

Certification of Biofuels
June 2010. The EU Commission adopted a package on sustainability criteria of biofuels to fulfil the transport target in the 2009 renewable energy directive. The package, two communications and one decision, shall help to ensure that production of these biofuels generates at least 35% less greenhouse gas than producing fossil auto-fuel and that it does so without damaging the environment. The sustainability criteria are taken from the renewable-energy directive. There are no criteria for indirect land-use change, but the Commission is considering adding such criteria later.
NGOs have been critical of the package. For instance, the European Environmental Bureau and others are deeply concerned about the Commission's failure to address expansion of agricultural land into environmentally sensitive areas, leading to environmental problems via indirect land-use change.

Moratorium for Unsustainable Biofuel
December 30, 2008.
EU Must Promote Sustainable Biofuel use Now!!
INFORSE-Europe's Call for Moratorium for Unsustainable Biofuel Now!!
Read INFORSE-Europe's position (pdf file 29 kB)

Sustainability Criteria for Biofuels
January 2008
The EU Energy & Climate Package (January 2008) includes targets renewable energy in transport, and proposals for sustainability criteria for biofuels.
Read more at the EU Energy & Climate Package.

INFORSE-Recommendations (24/10 2007)
INFORSE-Europe calls for an immediate moratorium on incentives for agrofuels (liquid fuels from large-scale monoculture agriculture) in EU countries including tree plantations and a moratorium on EU imports of such agrofuels.

We also call for the immediate change of all targets for biofuel use in transportation to targets for sustainable transportation, such as targets for transport energy from sustainable renewable energy, energy efficiency increases, reductions of unnecessary transport, and shifts to more environmentally benign forms of transport.

This call for a moratorium for agrofuels does not include the use of biofuels in truly sustainable ways, such as the replacement of imported fossil fuels by the local use of sustainably produced biofuels.

Read: Press Release - 24.10.2007 (pdf file 172 kB) and Statement (pdf file 82 kB).

INFORSE-Europe calls for the change of the EU target for 10% biofuels in transportation fuels by 2020 is changed to a target for renewable energy in transport

INFORSE-Europe proposes that the EU targets for 5.75% renewables in transport by 2010 and 10% biofuels in transport are not met with mandatory blending of biofuels (including agrofuels) into petrol and diesel. Instead countries should start their transitions to sustainable transport systems with efficient use of energy, sustainable use of renewable energy including use of renewable electricity, modal shifts, and limit transport to cost-effective levels, without subsidies and inclusion of external costs. These transitions must meet the targets of respectively 5.75% and 10% reductions by 2010 and 2020 of transport-related greenhouse gas emissions, in addition to already agreed increases of energy and climate efficiencies in transport.

INFORSE supports sustainable use of renewable energy, also in transport. As part of that biofuels must be sustainable, and INFORSE-Europe have proposed sustainability criteria (pdf file 128 kB), but the simple application of sustainability criteria is not enough to guarantee sustainability of production, partly because of lack of efficient implementation, partly because of other land-use changes caused by introduction of biofuels. This is why INFORSE-Europe in addition have decided to call for a moratorium as described above.

Biofuels - EU Policy and Directives
In 2003, the EU countries agreed two directives to increase the use of renewable energy in transport to an indicative target (reference value) of 5.75% by 2010. An interim target (reference value) of 2% in 2005 was not met; but the directive and policies have lead to large increases in use of liquid biofuels in transport, and with the current development it is possible, though not certain, that the 2010 target will be met. The vast majority of policies and support have been directed towards liquid biofuels for cars as a partly replacement of petrol and diesel. In a few countries biogas is also introduced in transport, e.g. in Sweden. Use of renewable electricity, that could replace normal electricity in trains and trams, have received less attention.

In March 2007, the EU Prime ministers agreed to a 10% target of biofuels by 2020, as part of a new energy policy for Europe; but no target for other forms of renewable energy in transport. In With the decision is mentioned that the biofuel has to be provided sustainable. This agreement will now be translated in a legal proposal by the EU Commission, probably as part of the Renewable Energy Framework Directive planned for December 5, 2007 and with a fuel tax directive.

In parallel to these processes, the EU Commission is working on sustainability criteria for biofuels.

Read EU Commission page on renewable energy /biofuels in transport

Implementation of RES-T directives, 2003/30 & 2003/96
The deadline for the implementation and setting of national targets were July 2004.
The implementation have had the largest effect in Germany that have given full exemption of excise duties for biofuels from Jan. 1, 2004. Also Austria has a petroleum tax exemption for pure biofuels.
UK has introduced a tax reduction of 20 pence/liter (138 €/m3) which is giving a substantial boost to the development.
France and Italy have quota systems for biofuels linked with some tax deduction. In Italy the quota is doubled since 2001, and the use of biofuels is increased similarly. In France the limited quota has limited the development of biofuels, and there were not increase in the use 2002-2003.
More countries are expected to improve the market conditions for biofuels while other, such as Denmark, have no tax reductions for biofuels and does not expect any increase in the use of it, in spite of the new directives.

Apparently no country have specified environmental criteria for production of biofuels as proposed by INFORSE-Europe. While the production has to follow normal agricultural environmental standards, the increased use of the relative intensive biofuels can unfortunately be expected to increase pollution from agriculture.

Read more about biofuels development of at The EurObserv'ER Baromenter

Content & Process of Directives 2003/30 and 2003/96
Following the EU ministers‘ agreement about a biofuels directive in November 2002, the EU Parliament agreed in March 2003 in its second reading to a resolution with a few proposals:
· It underlines the extension of the scope of the directive to all renewable fuels in transport (not just biofuels) by calling for national reports on the progress in introduction of renewable energy in transport.
· It calls for inclusion of pure vegetable oil in the definitions of biofuels.

With this, two of INFORSE-Europe's proposals have been integrated, but the directive still provides insufficient incentives to the use of pure vegetable oil and should address more strongly possible environmental problems of the production of biofuels.

In November'02 the EU countries reached an agreement about the proposal, including that targets should be indicative, not binding. The EU countries finally agreed to the directive in the beginning of April'03, after the second reading of the Parliament in March'03.

Original Proposal
The directives were proposed by the Commission spring 2002.

The directives promote biofuels for car fuel. This is fuel from agricultural products such as plant oils, plant oil methyl-ester (including rape-seed methyl ester - ROME), methanol, ethanol, ETBE. The directives propose national targets for biofuels as well as reduced vehicle fuel taxes for biofuels. The targets, are indicative and the vehicle fuel tax reduction is voluntary. The directive sets a "reference value" for national targets of 2% in 2005 and 5.75% in 2010.
See directive text COM(2001)0547.

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